It usually remains hidden or dormant and is a low-priority defect. Validation: It is defined as a process that involves dynamic testing of software products by running it. This process validates whether we are building the right software that meets that customer requirement or not. It involves various activities like system testing, integration testing, user acceptance testing, and unit testing.
Verification: It is defined as a process that involves analyzing the documents. This process verifies whether the software conforms to specifications or not. Its ultimate goal is to ensure the quality of software products, design, architecture, etc.
Testbed is generally referred to as a digital platform that is used for testing an application. It includes an operating system, hardware, network configuration, database, software application under test, and all other software-related issues.
Some of the commonly applied documentation artifacts that are associated with software testing include:. Test case is basically a document that includes a set of test data, preconditions, expected results, and postconditions.
This document is specially developed for a specific test scenario to ensure whether the software product meets the specific requirement or not. In manual testing, test cases are executed manually by a tester without using any of the automated tools.
One can easily identify loopholes in the specifications while developing test cases. There are various attributes of test cases that make them more reliable, clear, and concise, avoiding any sort of redundancy. Some of them are given below:. A test plan is basically a dynamic document monitored and controlled by the testing manager. The success of a testing project totally depends upon a well-written test plan document that describes software testing scope and activities. It basically serves as a blueprint that outlines the what, when, how, and more of the entire test process.
Test report is basically a document that includes a total summary of testing objectives, activities, and results. It is very much required to reflect testing results and gives an opportunity to estimate testing results quickly. It helps us to decide whether the product is ready for release or not. It also helps us determine the current status of the project and the quality of the product.
A test report must include the following details:. Test deliverables, also known as test artifacts, are basically a list of all of the documents, tools, and other components that are given to the stakeholders of a software project during the SDLC. Test deliverables are maintained and developed in support of the test.
At every phase of SDLC, there are different deliverables as given below:. It generally involves both verification activities and validation activities. In this, different activities are executed in a specific order throughout the software testing process. Error : It is defined as a programming mistake in coding because of which we can't compile or run a program.
Defect : It is defined as the variation or difference between the actual result and the expected result founded by a tester or developer. The defect is basically detected after the product goes into production and is resolved in the development phase only.
Bug : It is defined as a fault or mismatch in a software system that is detected during the testing phase. It has an impact on software functionality and performance. Use case testing is basically defined as a technique that helps developers and testers to identify test cases that exercise the whole system on each transaction basis right from start to finish.
It is a part of black-box testing that is used widely in developing tests or systems for acceptable levels. Test Matrix: It is referred to as a testing tool that is used to capture actual quality, effort, resources, plan, and time required to capture all the phases of software testing. It only covers the testing phase of the life cycle.
Requirement Traceability Matrix RTM : It is referred to as a document, usually present in the form table, that is used to trace and demonstrate the relationship between the requirements and other artifacts of the project right from start to end.
In simple words, it maps between test cases and customer requirements. Positive Testing : It is a type of testing process where the software application is validated against the valid data sets as an input. It is simply used to check whether the application does what it is supposed to do or not.
Negative Testing : It is a type of testing process where the software application is validated against invalid data sets as an input. It is simply used to check whether the system shows an error when it is supposed to do or not. In test case execution, negative testing is considered a very crucial factor.
A critical bug is referred to as a bug that affects the majority of the functionality of the given application. It does not disturb or block the testing of other parts of the given application.
A bug is only classified as critical when it halts the core operations of the software. UAT, also known as end-user testing, is basically a testing methodology performed by the end-users or clients for the approval of the production release.
It is one of the last stages of the SDLC and is only performed after the software has been tested thoroughly. Its main purpose is to validate end-to-end business flow. It makes sure that the developed software meets all the requirements to float into the market or not.
All the components of the software are generally tested as a whole to make sure that the overall product fulfills the requirements that are specified. So, no. Monkey Testing : Monkey testing, also known as Random Testing, is a type of software testing technique in which data is generated randomly using a tool or some automated mechanism. The system is tested using this randomly generated input, and results are analyzed accordingly.
There are no such rules in this type of testing. Performance Testing : It is a type of non-functional software testing technique that is used to determine the system parameters like speed, scalability, and stability under different workload conditions. Its main purpose is to eliminate performance bottlenecks, not to find bugs. Some of the key parameters of performance testing include:.
Test driver and test stub, both are types of test harness that are used to provide a simulation environment for testing a module or component. They both are dummy modules specially created for test purposes. Test stubs : Test stubs are used in a top-down testing approach and allow testing of the upper levels of the code when the lower levels of the code are not developed yet.
Test drivers : Test drivers are used in a bottom-up testing approach and allow testing of the lower levels of the code when the upper levels of the code are not developed yet. Endurance testing, also known as Soak testing, is a type of performance testing usually performed to check the performance of the system that is under constant use.
Its main purpose is to determine whether a system can sustain a continuous high load or not. Memory utilization is also monitored to identify potential leaks during this testing.
Some of the endurance testing tools include:. Localization testing is a type of testing that is performed to ensure whether the software product offers full functionality and usability in a particular locale or not.
It is simply used to verify the accuracy and suitability of the content. It is not only about linguistics, but also about traditions, common herd behavior, and other similar factors.
It generally deals with the functionality and GUI of the application. Path testing is a type of testing specially used to design test cases. In this type of testing, the control flow graph of a program is specially designed to identify a set of linearly independent paths of execution. Its main objective is to ensure that each path is covered and executed well.
It also reduces or minimizes the occurrence of redundant tests. Baseline Testing : It is a type of non-functional testing in which a set of tests are run to capture performance information. Using this gathered information, we can make required changes in the application and ultimately improve the performance and capabilities of the application.
In general, it refers to a benchmark that usually forms the base of any new creation. During this testing, many errors are discovered and resolved. Benchmark Testing : It is a type of testing that involves both the developers and DBAs Database Administrators to determine current performance information. Using this information, one can improve the performance of the same by matching it with the benchmarks industry standards.
Its main objective is to compare the present and future software releases with their specific benchmark. Fuzz testing is a software testing technique in which a large amount of random data, called fuzz, is provided as input to the application simply to detect or discover security loopholes and coding errors in the software application. It is more useful for bigger projects but it only detects a serious fault or defect.
It is simply used to check the vulnerability of software and gives more effective results when used with beta testing, black box testing, etc. Data flow testing is a type of structural testing that is used to analyze the flow of data in the program. In this, a programmer can perform various tests on data values and variables. It helps us in the following ways:. Agile testing is basically a software testing process that uses agile methodologies i.
It evaluates the software from the customer's point of view. It does not require any development team to complete coding for starting QA, instead of testing and coding can go hand in hand. Features are tested as they are developed. Some of its advantages include:. Selenium is a web browser automation tool that automates the test suits you need to run on a web browser.
In software, many errors occur near the edges of the range of the data values. Typically, developers miss these boundary cases because they follow a happy path when developing and testing. Boundary value analysis helps to discover the errors caused by extreme values. The tester chooses the test data at and immediately above and below the boundaries of the input domain of the data. For example, if an input field expects a string of 20 characters long, the tester tests it with strings of lengths 19, 20, and The dictionary definition of regression is the act of going back to a previous place or state.
In software, regression implies that a feature that used to work suddenly stopped working after a developer added a new code or functionality to the software. Regression problems are pervasive in the software industry, as new features are getting added all the time. Developers don't build these features in isolation, separate from the existing code.
Instead, the new code interacts with the legacy code and modifies it in various ways, introducing side effects, whether intended or not. As a result, there is always a chance that introducing new changes may negatively impact a working feature.
It's important to keep in mind that even a small change has the potential to cause regression. Regression testing helps ensure that the new code or modifications to the existing code don't break the present behavior.
It allows the tester to verify that the new code plays well with the legacy code. Unit testing is the process of testing a single unit of code in an isolated manner. The unit of code can be a method, a class, or a module. Unit testing aims to focus on the smallest building blocks of code to get confidence to combine them later to produce fully functioning software. A unit test invokes the code and verifies the result with the expected result.
If the expected and actual outcomes match, then the unit test passes. Otherwise, it fails. It is a means of communication between two software components. An API abstracts the internal workings and complexity of a software program and allows the user of that API to solely focus on the inputs and outputs required to use it.
When building software, developers rarely write software from scratch and make use of other third-party libraries. An API allows two software components to talk to each other by providing an interface that they can understand. Another use of an API is to provide data required by an application. Let's say you are building a weather application that displays the temperature.
Instead of building the technology to collect the temperature yourself, you'd access the API provided by the meteorological institute. Test coverage is a metric that indicates how much of the source code is covered by the tests, allowing the tester to verify the quality of their testing. It helps the tester figure out whether they are testing everything they're supposed to test.
Test coverage can mean different things to different people, depending on the particulars of their testing approaches.
The only difference is that the browser automation can test this very quickly and often, whereas the same test would take a human tester a long time.
Some essential tools for browser testing include Selenium, protractor. It is a low-risk way of testing variations of a new or existing functionality. You can choose a part of your users to use feature A. The other group uses feature B. Then user feedback and response are evaluated using statistical testing to decide the final version of the feature.
This allows the team to quickly gather feedback and test their initial hypothesis. Regression Testing : Regression testing, also known as generic testing, revolves around re-running functional and non-functional tests. It is especially done to ensure whether previously developed and tested software still performs the same after a change or not.
It can be performed either manually or using automated tests. Re-testing: Re-testing, also known as planned testing, is used for specific bugs after it has been fixed by the developers.
Re-testing is performed to check the scenario under the same environmental conditions after detection has been fixed. Regression vs Retesting:. It must investigate both functional requirements and non-functional requirements.
Generally, it is performed by both testers and developers. Unit Testing: In unit testing, each component of the software is individually tested.
Generally, unit testing is performed by developers. Those systems that have a lot of interdependencies between their modules cannot be tested by unit testing. System vs Unit Testing:. Test Harness : Test harness, also known as the automated test framework, is a collection of software and test data required to unit test software modules during development.
It is mostly used by the developers and helps in the automation and execution of unit test cases. It generally includes two main parts as given below:. Test Closure : Test closure is basically a document that provides the summary of all the tests that are performed during SDLC. It gives full detailed analysis reports of the bugs that are discovered and removed.
It is usually performed prior to the end of the testing process. Test scenario also called a scenario test, is defined as high-level detailed documentation of test cases or use cases. In this, the tester tests the software application from an end-user perspective. It usually can serve as the basis for lower-level test cases or use case creation. Test scenario is also known as test condition or test possibility.
It gives you an idea of what we need to test. Defect life cycle, also known as a bug life cycle, is a life cycle of various stages through which a defect goes during its whole lifetime. This life cycle starts as soon as the defect is discovered or reported by the tester and ends when the tester ensures that the defect is resolved and it won't occur again. The defect life cycle includes the steps as shown below:.
This type of testing is generally used in a low-risk system. There are four different experienced-based testing techniques as shown below:.
Smoke Testing: It is a type of testing performed to ensure that the acute functionalities of the program are working well. It acts as a confirmation of whether the quality assurance team can further proceed with testing or not. Sanity Testing: It is an unscripted form of testing performed to ensure that the code changes that are made are working well.
It is performed by the test team for some basic tests. This testing focuses on one or a few areas of functionality and is usually narrow and deep. Smoke vs Sanity Testing:. Pesticide paradox is basically a phenomenon where the more one tests the software, the more it becomes immune to its tests. To overcome this, testers should always find new strategies, approaches, and test cases, so that they can identify bugs and resolve them.
Configuration testing is a software testing technique that is used to evaluate the configurational requirements of the software. It discovers the optimal configuration of the system under which the application performs at its best, therefore configuration testing is considered important. It also helps in identifying and resolving any compatibility issues. Software testing is an important activity that ensures quality, giving the confidence to release the software to customers.
This article explained the testing process and its importance in software development. It also covers important concepts on manual testing and will guide you to master the field of manual testing. However, testing is only a single component of a good software development strategy. A development team should use high coding standards, best practices, and patterns to reduce the bug count. As a long-term strategy, the best way to improve the testing process is to test frequently, measure the results, gather feedback and use it to get better.
The software testing that checks if the new code has broken the existing functionality is known as:. Before you go! Take this "Software Testing Interview Questions" interview guide with you. Download PDF. Enter the name of your college. Computer Science. Information Technology. Mathematics and Computing. Before After Enter company name. Forgot Password. Software Testing Interview Questions 1. Explain the role of testing in software development? How much testing is sufficient? Or, is it possible to do exhaustive testing of the software?
What are the different types of testing? What is the software testing life cycle? What qualities a software tester should have? What is functional testing? What is a bug report? What is non-functional testing?
What are some important testing metrics? What is Test-Driven-Development? What is manual testing? What is cross-browser testing? What is automated testing? What is a software bug? Write some common mistakes that lead to major issues. What is a user story? What is a test environment? What are the different types of severity you can assign to a bug? Manual Testing Interview Questions for Freshers What is black-box testing?
What is white-box testing? What are the differences between manual and automated testing? What is alpha testing? What is beta testing? What is exploratory testing? What is end-to-end testing? What is static software testing? What is dynamic software testing? What is API testing? What is meant by Code Coverage? What are the benefits of Manual Testing? What are the drawbacks of Manual Testing? July 13, Category Agile and Scrum. Acing an interview and impressing the recruiter is crucial to land a well-paying job offer, irrespective of your experience as a software tester.
The software testing interview questions for experienced candidates and freshers are categorized into skill-based, domain-based, and scenario-based to help you stand out from the competition. Skilled testers are a valuable part of every development team and are crucial to the project's success. Apart from the knowledge of various testing tools, you will need to demonstrate your analytical skills, communication skills, and willingness to learn during your interview.
These software testing interview questions and answers will help you do just that. Software testing jobs are well-paying, secure, and offer a significant level of job satisfaction. The role of QA Analyst was termed the second happiest job in the world. The average salary for a software tester is INR 3,35, per annum, and it can increase as you gain more work experience and move up the corporate ladder.
All that stands between you and the job is the interview. These software testing interview questions are a good way to prepare for the interview. The software testing questions try to gauge if you are the right fit for the job depending on your knowledge of the domain, your skills, and how you respond in various scenarios. Domain-based software testing interview questions try to understand how much you know about the various terms and tools used by the testers.
The role of software testing in the development lifecycle will vary depending on the methodology used for development. In the Waterfall methodology, the testing stage is one of the final stages that precede the product release and maintenance. Once the developers finish the project implementation, the testers ensure that the final product meets the requirements. In the Agile methodology , each increment is tested, and the feedback is used in future developments.
It is an iterative process where development and testing take place side by side. Functional testing is used to test if the software works as expected. It is a form of black-box testing where you verify if the software works according to the requirements. Unit testing, integration testing, system testing, interface testing, regression testing, and user acceptance testing fall under functional testing. Non-functional testing tests the attributes of the product, such as its performance, scalability, reliability, etc.
It is used to ensure that the system can deliver various performance metrics specified by the client. Documentation testing, security testing, reliability testing, installation testing, and performance testing come under non-functional testing. The cycle starts with the discovery of the bug. The bug is then assigned to a developer. The developer can reject the bug if it is not valid. If it is a valid bug, the developer will fix the bug and send it for testing.
If the code passes the test, it will need to be verified once again, and the bug is closed. However, if the code fails the test, it goes back into the Active state where the developer is trying to fix it. The skill-based software testing interview questions and answers are designed to test if you have good analytical, communication, and time management skills in addition to strong technical skills.
Boundary Value Analysis or BVA is a testing technique where you test the system's behaviour at the boundary conditions. There is a higher chance of a defect near the boundary in most cases rather than within the specified range. When the values are included in the specified range, the testing can also be called positive testing. When the values lie outside the range, the testing is called negative testing. You should write the black-box test cases first, as you do not need intimate knowledge of the system architecture to write these test cases.
A deeper knowledge of the product and its architecture is required for writing the white box test cases. The information needed for writing the white box test cases is not usually available at the start of the project. In contrast, the information for writing the black-box test cases is readily available from the start. The scenario-based software testing interview questions present some of the common challenging scenarios that a software tester will face.
These software testing questions are designed to help the recruiter understand how you will react to these scenarios. How will you perform this test? Ideally, the requirements should be frozen before the development and the testing take place.
But sadly, this is not the case in the real world. In such cases, here is what you can do. How will you know when to stop testing? It is impossible to perform exhaustive testing. You will have to test all the values that every input can take. It will be extremely resource-heavy and time-consuming. How would you ensure it? What are unit testing and integration testing? Can we do system testing at any stage?
Mentioned below are the three categories into which this Manual Testing Interview Questions blog is classified: 1. Software testing is a validation process which confirms that a system works as per the business requirements. It qualifies a system on various aspects such as usability, accuracy, completeness, efficiency, etc. The testing activity ends when the testing team completes the following milestones. The successful completion of a full test cycle after the final bug fix marks the end of the testing phase.
The end date of the validation stage also declares the closure of the validation if no critical or high-priority defects remain in the system. It is the amount of code concealed via automated tests. If the team achieves the intended level of code coverage CC ratio, then it can choose to end the validation. This unit of measurement includes only operational time between failures and does not include repair times, assuming the item is repaired and begins functioning again.
MTBF figures are often used to project how likely a single unit is to fail within a certain period of time. In software testing, verification is a process to confirm that product development is taking place as per the specifications and using the standard development procedures. The process comprises the following activities:.
Static testing is a white-box testing technique that directs developers to verify their code with the help of a checklist to find errors in it. Developers can start the static testing without actually finalizing the application or program. Static testing is more cost-effective than dynamic testing as it more areas than dynamic testing in a shorter time.
It is a standard software testing approach that requires testers to assess the functionality of the software as per the business requirements. A test plan stores all possible testing activities to ensure a quality product. It gathers data from the product description, requirement, and use case documents. Test coverage is a quality metric to represent the amount in percentage of testing completed for a product.
It is relevant for both functional and non-functional testing activities. This metric is used to add missing test cases. But you can follow the below steps to come closer.
Many times, it is the developers who test individual units or modules to check if they are working correctly. Whereas, integration testing validates how well two or more units of software interact with each other. System testing should start only if all modules are in place and they work correctly. However, it should be performed before UAT user acceptance testing. The test driver is a section of code that calls a software component under test. It is useful in testing that follows the bottom-up approach.
The test stub is a dummy program that integrates with an application to complete its functionality. It is relevant for testing that uses the top-down approach. It is favorable as it does not require the development team to complete coding for starting QA. Instead, both coding and testing go hand in hand. However, it may require continuous customer interaction. Data flow testing emphasizes for designing test cases that cover control flow paths around variable definitions and their uses in the modules.
It expects test cases to have the following attributes:. End-to-end testing is a testing strategy to execute tests that cover every possible flow of an application from its start to finish.
The objective of performing end-to-end tests is to discover software dependencies and to assert that the correct input is getting passed between various software modules and sub-systems.
If the required specifications are not available for a product, then a test plan can be created based on the assumptions made about the product. But we should get all assumptions well-documented in the test plan.
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