Kelly P. Get a basic understanding of the MetPro science and what role the metabolism plays in weight loss. Tell us about your transformation goals and learn how MetPro will help you achieve them.
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These parameters, together with the roughness length, z0, can be used by CTDM to compute values of wind, temperature, and turbulence at any height within the mixed layer in the absence of direct measurements. Net or total incoming solar radiation, which is either provided as a measurement or is computed from the solar elevation and albedo information during the day, is used to compute the surface heat flux. At night, the downward heat flux is estimated from wind speed and cloud cover information.
For daytime hours, net radiation is divided into surface or "sensible" heat flux, latent heat flux, and ground heat flux components, using information regarding the site-specific partitioning of sensible and latent heat Bowen ratio.
The vertical flux of sensible heat is related to the intensity of turbulence in the surface layer, as well as the depth of the boundary layer. A modified Carson technique uses the hourly sensible heat estimates and a morning sounding to determine hourly mixed layer heights during convective conditions. In practice, METPRO handles seasonal changes in surface characteristics by accepting monthly values of surface roughness length, midday albedo, and daytime Bowen ratio.
Guidance is given in Section 4. Spatial changes in surface characteristics can be accounted for by specifying-up to 8 different sectors with user-defined direction boundaries, each with the seasonal information discussed above. For example, upwind fetches over forests, grasslands, and water bodies surrounding a particular site can be handled by METPRO on an hour-by-hour basis by accounting for changes in upwind fetch direction.
However, changes in site characteristics for a given direction are specified on a monthly basis. Poor agreement occurs when off-site winds are substituted, which indicates the importance of on-site wind measurements for model accuracy, especially in complex terrain. Figure 5 shows a typical diurnal distribution of these energy balance components. Equations 3 and 4 are the basis for the energy balance technique which is discussed below. Net radiation, if not measured, may be calculated from Equation 4 by parameterizing the incoming and outgoing long-wave radiation as functions of the temperature after Ho Its lag and van Ulden If net and total incoming radiation measurements are both available, METPRO will use the net radiation measurement and ignore the total incoming radiation data.
Hissing net radiation measurements, will, however, be replaced with estimates computed internally by METPRO from the total radiation data. The substituted values may at times be slightly inconsistent with the observed net radiation values METPRO makes no attempt to make adjustments in such cases. The variation of albedo with solar elevation for various ground covers is illustrated in Figure 6.
The value assigned to a is specific for the soils and vegetation at the site of interest. During daytime conditions, Br is usually positive, with values ranging from 0. The Bowen ratio can be computed by dividing Equation 8 by Equation Carson has simplified the modeling of boundary layer evolution by ignoring radiation, latent heat effects, and advection of energy.
He includes the effects of time-dependent surface heating, capping layer stability, large-scale air subsidence, and any degree of turbulent interfacial mixing. He also considers the stable air as comprising 3 or so vertical layers, each with a different lapse rate, instead of as a single stable layer. The portion of the Weil and Brower document describing the determination of the convective boundary layer height is given in Appendix B.
A summary of this scheme is given below. Convective and mechanical mixing are assumed to operate independently of one another, so that one or the other of these mixing modes dominates.
Figure 7 shows the assumed potential temperature distribution, where the solid curve is the initial temperature profile, 03 z , and the dashed curve is the idealized profile at a later time t. The growth of the convective mixing height is assumed to be controlled by the bombardment of the stable lid with therraals originating at the surface. Computationally, the incremental hourly change of the area under the temperature profile curve see Figure 7 is proportional to the hourly sensible heat flux, H.
The left side of Equation 27 is a mathematical representation of the area under the 9S curve up to a height h in Figure 7. The right side is proportional to the surface heat flux. Weil and Brewer's formulation for the mechanical mixing height,. Equation 28 shows a balance between the kinetic energy right side required to overcome the potential energy left side represented by the initial stable temperature sounding. This method does not use surface temperature explicitly unlike the other methods , and therefore avoids site inconsistencies between the on-site temperature and the off-site upper air temperature sounding.
A depiction of the growth of the developing boundary layer is shown in Figure 2. The change in the characteristics downwind from the source will affect dispersion eventually, but this new boundary layer will not intercept the plume until it grows to plume height and entrains the plume. This delay in surface characteristics influencing the plume behavior is especially significant for elevated releases of buoyant plumes. As a consequence, upwind site characteristics are used to determine the boundary layer structure that affects plume dispersion.
For stable and neutral conditions, surface characteristics at upwind distances up to about ten times the final plume height will influence plume dispersion. This distance will, of course, vary with source characteristics and with meteorological conditions. A choice of 3 kilometers corresponding to a plume height of meters as adopted by the U. EPA is a fairly representative average.
The albedo and Bowen ratio are used for. To account for changes in site characteristics in both time season and the upwind fetch direction, METPRO allow -the user to specify these site characteristics for up to eight direction sectors and for each month of the year.
In execution modes 0, 1 and 2, nocturnal mixing heights are either calculated from on-site conventional meteorological data or are measured with an instrument such as an acoustic sounder. Convective mixing heights in modes 0, 1, and 2 are provided through measurements or are set by default to missing.
Table 2 gives a description of the contents of the TD file. The disk file should be set up to contain formatted records of bytes in length. Program execution should account for this record length e. A portion of a sample file is shown in Figure 8. The user is required to input data and program option values for READ Dates and pressure levels for which data are to be extracted are specified by the user, as well as criteria for discarding an entire data level.
The required format is shown in Table 3. The "RAWIN" output file consists of a formatted listing in chronological order of pressure, height, temperature, wind direction and wind speed for each pressure level between the surface and the user-specified level aloft.
The identification record contains the following: a label identifying the data as series "", a station identification number e. The schedule time of the observation, GMT. The elapsed time since the release of the sounding in minutes and tenths ignored in READ Atmospheric pressure at the current level read in millibars. Geopotential height of the current level in meters. The air temperature at the current level in degrees and tenths Celsius.
The wind direction at the current level in deg. Speed of the wind in whole meters per second. The "RAWIN" output file will contain warning messages for entirely missing soundings or soundings whose highest level is below the cut-off value specified by the user. The user must edit the RAWIN formatted file to delete these warning messages and to substitute for the missing data. Substitutions can be obtained by copying from a chronologically adjacent sounding or by obtaining data from a spatially adjacent sounding location.
These substitutions should be done on a case-by-case basis, using alternate data representing the same air mass characteristics as that for the location and time of the missing data. Currently, the wind data are not used by HETPRO; therefore, it is not necessary to substitute for missing values in the wind direction and speed data fields.
The format is given in Table 6. The only variable currently used from this file in METPRO is the cloud cover, which is needed for energy balance calculations for nighttime hours.
If on-site cloud cover is available for a given hour in "SURF1" , then it is used rather than the off-site value. The variables to be included are listed below. All modes require this file, but the information read for mode 0 is an abbreviated version of that required for the other modes. A single base elevation of the tower or acoustic sounder i. Site characteristics for all directions and all months are not specified for mode 0; only the constant values of surface roughness, albedo, and Boweri ratio are specified.
This information is supplied due to the fact that a variation in upwind fetch conditions can be accommodated by mode 1, but not mode 0. At Fullerton, he contributed to the student newspaper and deejayed a hip-hop show for the campus radio station. In his free time, he likes to catch up with friends, listen to music or watch TV. He is thrilled to rejoin the copy desk as a fellow. Find him on Twitter jasongsanch.
With a Filipino postcolonial history professor for a grandfather on one side and a poet on the other, Valdez grew up with a critical eye toward those in power and appreciative of what brings joy and beauty into the world. While studying history and English at La Sierra University, he ran the campus newspaper and interned at his hometown paper, the San Diego Union-Tribune.
You can find him on Twitter jonahmv. Kenan Draughorne is a recent graduate of the University of Southern California, where he studied journalism and served as an editor at the Daily Trojan.
Previously, he was a local editor at Patch, covering multiple communities across Los Angeles. He will be joining The Times as a reporting fellow. You can find him on Twitter kenandraughorne. Melissa Hernandez was born and raised in Miami. She is a graduate of the University of Florida, where she studied journalism and environmental science. Hernandez is a three-time Society of Professional Journalists award winner and her biggest passion is long-form investigative reporting.
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